The village name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'Eadwulf's barrow'. It was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Eddinberge.
Included within the parish border of Edlesborough are the hamlets of Dagnall, Northall, Ringshall, Horton and Eaton Bray. There is also the hamlet of Witchcraft Bottom, notable as the location where the last witch in Buckinghamshire was tried and hanged.