After 1597 the Este Dukes of Ferrara lost control of Ferrara itself to the Papal States. They continued to rule a small state in north-central Italy, however, the Duchy of Modena. The Duchy continued in existence until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte's Cispadane Republic. In 1814 it was restored under the Habsburg grandson of the last Este Duke, continuing until it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859
Este Dukes of Modena, 1597-1796
Habsburg Dukes of Modena, 1814-1860