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Homomorphism

This word must not be confused with homeomorphism.


A homomorphism, (or sometimes simply morphism) from one mathematical object to another of the same kind, is a mapping that is compatible with all relevant structure. The notion of homomorphism is studied abstractly in universal algebra, and that is the viewpoint taken in this article. A more general notion of morphism is studied abstractly in category theory.

For example, if one object consists of a set X with an ordering < and the other object consists of a set Y with an ordering {, then it must hold for the function f: X -> Y that

if    u < v    then    f(u) { f(v).

Or, if on these sets the binary operations * and @ are defined, respectively, then it must hold that
f(u) @ f(v)  = f(u * v).

Examples of morphisms are given by group homomorphisms, ring homomorphisms, linear operators, continuous maps etc.

Any homomorphism f: X -> Y defines an equivalence relation ~ on X by a ~ b iff f(a) = f(b). In the general case, this ~ is called the kernel of f. The quotient set X/~ can then be given an object-structure in a natural way, e.g., [x] * [y]  = [x * y]. In that case the image of X in Y under the homomorphism f is necessarily isomorphic to X/~; this fact is one of the isomorphism theorems. Note in some cases (e.g. groups or rings), a single equivalence class K suffices to specify the structure of the quotient, so we write it X/K. Also in these cases, it is K, rather than ~, that is called the kernel of f.

Variants and subclasses of homomorphism:

(The above terms are used similarly in category theory as well as in universal algebra, but the definitions in category theory are more subtle; see the article on morphism for those.)

(The above terms don't really belong to the subject of universal algebra, but they are listed here anyway in case you are looking for them. In particular, note that "homeomorphism" does not mean quite the same thing as "homomorphism".)