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Straddling checkerboard

In cryptography, a straddling checkerboard is a device for converting an alphabetic plaintext into digits whilst simultaneously achieving fractionation (a simple form of information diffusion) and homophony (a simple method for suppressing peaks of the frequency distribution).

A straddling checkerboard is set up something like this:

 
 
 
 
 01234 56789
 ET AO N RIS
2BCDFG HJKLM
6PQ UV WXYZ.

The first row is set up with the eight highest frequency letters, leaving two blank spots. It has no row label. The second and third rows are labelled with whichever two digits didn't get a letter in the top row, and then filled out with the rest of the alphabet. (This can be scrambled by a key word, or simply done in order - relying on another stage of the cipher for security). Since there are 30 slots in our grid, and we missed two letters in the first row, there will end up being two spare in the other rows. It doesn't matter where these spares go, so long as sender and receiver use the same system.

To encipher, a letter on the top row is simply replaced by the number labelling its column. Letters on the other rows are replaced by their row number, then column number. Like so:
  
  
ATTACK ATDAWN
212722 65

The resulting message, 3113212731223655, may be sent directly (if the table was set up with a key word), but usually is first input into a second cipher stage, such as transposition or substitution. As a simple example, we will add a secret key number (say, 0452) by non-carrying addition:
  
  
  
  3113 2127 3122 3655
+ 0452 0452 0452 0452
= 3565 2579 3574 3007

then use the same straddling checkerboard to turn it back into letters:
  
  
3565257 93574 3007
ANWHR SANRO AEER

Deciphering is simply the reverse of this process. Although the size of groups can vary, deciphering is unambiguous because whenever the next element to be deciphered starts with a 2 or a 6, it is a pair; otherwise, it is a singleton.

See also: VIC cipher