Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index

Presentation of a group

In mathematics, one method of defining a group is with a presentation. One specifies a set S of generators so that every element of the group can be written as a product of some of these generators, and a set T of relations among those generators (I.E. the generators of identity words). We then say G has presentation (S;T).

Every group has a presentation, and in fact many; a presentation is often the most compact way of describing the structure of the group.

Formally, the group is then specified as being isomorphic to a quotient group of a free group, where the free group is given by S and the quotient group is specified by the relations T.

Table of contents
1 Background
2 Formal definition
3 Examples
4 Some theorems
5 Further Reading

Background

A free group on a set S = {si} is a group where each element can be uniquely described as a finite length product of the form:

x1a1 x2a2 ... xnan

where each xi is a member of S, and xixi+1 for any i; and each ai is any non-zero integer.

If G is any group, and S is a generating subset of G, then every element of G is also of the above form; but in general, these products will not uniquely describe an element of G.

For example, the dihedral group D8 can be generated by a rotation, r, of order 4; and a flip, f, of order 2; and certainly any element of D8 is a product of r 's and f 's.

However, we have, for example, r f r = f, r3 = r -1, etc.; so such products are not unique in D8. Each such product equivalence can be expressed as an equality to the identity; such as

r f r f = 1
r 4 = 1
f 2 = 1

Informally, we can consider these products on the left hand side as being elements of the free group F = F({r,f}), and can consider the subgroup H of F which is generated by these strings; each of which would also be equivalent to 1 when considered as products in D8.

If we then let K be the subgroup of F generated by all conjugates x -1 H x of H, then K is a normal subgroup of F; and each element of K, when considered as a product in D8, will also evaluate to 1.

This leads us to consider the quotient group F/K, and the associated homomorphism U | FF/K, with K = Ker(U). Then D8 is isomorphic to F/K; and we write D8 has presentation ({r,f}; {r4, f2, (rf)2}).

Formal definition

More formally, let S be a set, and T be a set of words in letters of S such that each t in T is of the form:

x1a1 x2a2 ... xnan

where each xi is a member of S, and xixi+1 for any i; and each ai is any non-zero integer.

Then if F is freely generated by S, there is an obvious function f | TF. Let TF be the (normal) subgroup of F generated by all conjugates of f(T) in F; then if G = F/TF, we say that G has representation (S;T), or equivalently, that G is generated by S with relations T.

Examples

If G is freely generated by S, then G has presentation (S; {}).

For any natural number n, the cyclic group Cn has presentation ({x}; {xn}).

If D2n is the dihedral group with 2n elements, then it has presentation ({x,y}; {xn, y2, (xy)2}).

The symmetric group S4 has presentation ({x,y}; {x3, y4, (xy)2}).

Some theorems

Every group G has a presentation, in fact infinitely many.

If G has presentation (S;T) and S and T are finite, then G has finite presentation.

Every finite group has a finite presentation.

The negative solution to the word problem for groups states that there is no general algorithm which, for a given presentation (S;T) and two words u, v, decides whether u and v describe the same element in the group.

Further Reading

Group Theory, W. R. Scott, Dover Publications