Misquotation

An accidental or intentional misrepresentation of a person's speach or writing, involving one or more of:

• Omission of important context: The context can be important for determining the overall argument the quoted person wanted to make, for seeing whether the quoted statement was restricted or even negated in this context, or for recognizing hints that it was mean as irony.
• Omission of important parts of the quote
• Insertion allegedly implied words or partial sentences: The inserted portions may be specially marked (e.g. by square brackets or cursive font). Using unmarked insertions is commonly deprecated. In order to constitute a misquotation, the implied portions must alter the meaning of the quote in a way that the original author did not obviously intend.
• Incorrect rephrasing: The quote is replaced by one which is only superficially identical in meaning.
• Misattribution: Attributing someone else's (or no one's in particular) words to a person who did not use them. Misattribution is often found in satire.
• Misspelling happens mostly incidental, but is sometimes used to portray the quoted person as stupid, especially satirically.

The following causes are mostly responsible for misquotations:

• Imperfect reproduction, e.g. from memory, in communication or by transcription. Gossip, which involves many consecutive memorizations and mouth-to-mouth communications, can quickly 'mutate' a quote beyond recognition.
• Misunderstanding, if the person using the quote misjudges the importance of context, partial sentences, or inserts an invalid implication.
• Malice or deliberate deceit.
• Humor

A famous misquotation is "I invented the Internet", attributed to former US vice president and presidential candidate Al Gore, which was incorrectly rephrased from:

During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.

The latter statement implies Gore taking the major political role in the development of the Internet, while the former implies he would have developed it all on his own.

List of misquotations